Before the winter of 1941, Germany appeared to be moving toward a swift victory over the Soviet Union. Alfred Rosenberg, Reich Kommisar for Eastern Affairs, was ordered to print the motto "Deutschland Welt Reich" [German World Empire] and Hitler made known his intention of further conquest following victory over Russia. These plans appeared to include an invasion of the United States.
In Autumn of 1940, the attack on the US was fixed for the long-term future. This appears in Luftwaffe documents, one of which dated 29 October 1940 mentions the "...extraordinary interest of the Führer in the occupation of the Atlantic Islands. In line with this interest...with the co-operation of Spain is the seizure of Gibraltar and Spanish and Portuguese islands, along other operations in the North Atlantic".
In July 1941, the Führer ordered that planning an attack against the United States be continued.
Operations supposedly related to the planned invasion of the United States
Orders to send German saboteurs to U.S. territory, along with spies and collaborators
German forces sent agents to Greenland to install a base for secret operations in the area, along with use of the radio station in Saint Pierre Miquelon Island, under the administration of France
German submarine missions to Atlantic coasts and Caribbean area, with submarines such as U-134, U-853 and others.
Maritime reconnaissance flights by German flying boats Blohm und Voss Bv 222 C-0 "Wiking" from France and Norway to the north and central Atlantic area to watch Iceland, Greenland, and the Canadian and coasts.
The alleged collaboration between Schutzstaffel [SS] and All American SS unit "Amerikan Frei Korps" or "George Washington Brigade" towards the invasion of the U.S. Also, some Americans were recruited to American versions of the German Wehrmacht and SS services to provide aid to invading German forces.
The projected use of submarines with V-1/V-2 Launchers against American coasts.
The Luftwaffe analyzed the possible use of "'V-weapons" against the US in a plan to launch a squadron of Junkers Ju 290 long range recon aircraft armed with Fieseler Fi-103 [V-1] rockets. The Kriegsmarine considered a similar idea with submarine-based V-1/V-2 launchers against United States coasts. Similarly, the Wehrmacht created the "Division zur Vergeltung" [Reprisal Division] or "Div.z. V" through which a special unit was organized. From islands or just offshore, this unit would use the "Langrohrkanone LRK 15 F-58" also knowed as "HDP Kanone" or V-3, or the ultra long-range version of the multi-phase mid-range missile V-4 "Rheinbote" against U.S. soil.
Other special weapons were envisioned for possible use against the United States too, such as:
A9
The A9 was a further development of the "A4" rocket. No prototype was ever developed before the end of the war, although a variant, the A4b, was produced. The A9 would have been used as the upper stage for an intercontinental missile or a manned craft. The A10 was to have been used for the lower stage.
A10
The A10, which was never built, was intended to serve as the first stage for the A9, to help it to reach an intercontinental range. New York City and other targets in the northeastern U.S. were its intended targets. Test Stand VII was built at Peenemünde for use in the A10's development.
The A10 was designed to have a diameter of 4.12 meters and to exceed the A4 in its size. It was to be fueled with alcohol and liquid oxygen.
Also, the planned use of special mobile launchers from French coasts for launching one ultra long-range multi-stage V-4 "Rheinbote" missile or other similar type.
A plan to use one Junkers Ju 290 long-range reconnaissance plane armed with four V-1 rockets against United States territory.
A Kriegsmarine or Luftwaffe attack against the Panama Canal, U.S. territory at the time. The former would use submarines to strike the Atlantic side of the Canal. The latter would pretend a squadron of ultra long-range bombers from France to North Africa, were continuing to South America in support of a neutral country.
On 11 December 1941 Germany declared war on the United States.
Why did Adolf Hitler Declare War on the United States of America?
One of the problems in researching Nazi WWII politics and the resulting policies that occurred in Germany during the 1930s thru to the end of the 2nd World War is that many of reasons behind the decisions were never documented. Some high ranking people in the Third Reich kept diaries, Josef Göbbels for example, but the writers often recorded what happened, the decisions that were made, but seldom the reasons behind the decisions that were made.
When Germany invaded Poland on September 1939 both England and France hesitated. Both nations pursued political solutions in an effort to stop Germany from continuing its attack. This proved to be useless and on 3 September the United Kingdom [Egland] decred War against Germany as did France. Then they did nothing. Sitzkrieg settled in along the Western Front.
The Soviet Union [USSR} also did not protest - but of course the Soviet-Nazi Treaty signed in August was the reason why. Late in September Soviet forces invaded Poland from the east and occupied the rest of the nation as negotiated in the Treaty. Later on the Stalin's Soviet annexed Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia into the Soviet Union. German units actually had to pull out of the land it had captured anywhere from 20 to 100 miles due to treaty.
The pullback actually affected the campaign that Germany launched against the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. The extra 100 miles, 6 days of time, that had to be re-conquered from the Soviets played a significant role when the Germans were stopped only 20 miles from the center of Moscow in November 1941.
The start of the war saw the U-Boat fleet with 58 modern submarines on hand. All German forces had been told that war would not occur until 1941, and here it was September 1939. Regardless, the German Underseeboot fleet went into action and started gaining successes against naval and merchant ship
The same strategy of a U-Boat blockade that was pursued in World War I was again instituted. The Type VII U-Boat, however, was much better than its World War I counterpart. The tactics had also changed: They were centrally controlled and cordinated by Admiral Karl Dönitz using Enigma encoded messages.
The British Navy again instituted the convoy system after a few months and ships sailing from the world ports, when there was time enough to co-ordinate a convoy -and enough escorts were around- for protection from the U-Boat arm of the Kriegsmarine
America again declared its neutrality but the same problem that the German Navy of World War I experienced now occurred again: Neutral ships would again sail to England to help her more than German friendly nations to Germany. [Swedish ships were the only exception] The ability to defeat submarines had vastly improved during the inter-war years, especially by using aircraft. This forced the U-Boats to range farther from Germany to be truly effective. Long range bombers, seaplanes, and aircraft carriers now roamed the sea lanes looking for submarines.
America's politicians in charge, President Franklin Roosevelt leading the way, were clearly on the side of England and France. The United States enacted several pieces of legislation and policies that clearly helped England:
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Destroyers for bases [50 old WW I flush deck destroyers, needing major overhaul before use, but still 50 warships is 50 warships] in exchange for US being granted leases to use British islands in the Atlantic for bases
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Escorting of convoys as far as Iceland using American destroyers. This effectively prevented U-Boat attacks along that part of the route [which still resulted in the loss of the 'USS Reuben James'.
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The enactment of the Lend-Lease Act so that Britain did not have to pay cash at time of purchase for war material.
Even with these brazen acts, from war's start in 1939 thru December 1941, American ships could still sail the world's oceans to the allied nations without being attacked by German U-Boats.
When the war broke out the US population as a whole did not favor getting involved. The USA had gotten into the Great War in 1917, and the political aims of that war was never fulfilled — witness the failed League of Nations and now state of war in Europe. The population of the US was very much East coast and Midwest centered. A significant part of the population was only one or two generations removed from when their forbears had emigrated to the US. The losses in the 1st World War though greatly below that of other nations] was still remembered. The basic attitude was "they're at it again, let them figure it out themselves". To openly support the United Kingdom, the commonwealth nations, France, and all the others for war would quickly become divisive and be defeated - there was no compelling threat, directly or indirectly, seen, or reasoned to be found, for Germany going against the United States of America.
"Of course the people don't want war. But after all, it's the leaders of the country who determine the policy, and it's always a simple matter to drag the people along whether it's a democracy, a fascist dictatorship, or a parliament, or a communist dictatorship. Voice or no voice, the people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism, and exposing the country to greater danger".
-- Hermann Wilhelm Göring at the Nuremberg trials 1946
Which Date Should Live in Infamy?
By Jon Meacham
The New York Times - Sunday Review
10 December 2016
Winston Churchill was ebullient; he thought it was all over at last. On the evening of Sunday, 7 December 1941, hosting a small birthday dinner at Chequers, the prime minister’s country retreat, for Kathleen Harriman, the daughter of the American diplomat W. Averell Harriman, Churchill heard the news of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor from the BBC. "At this very moment I knew the United States was in the war, up to the neck and in to the death", he wrote in his war memoirs. "So we had won after all!" After standing alone against Berlin since the German invasion of Poland on the first day of September 1939, struggling to engage an isolationist America, Churchill "slept the sleep of the saved and thankful".
So the prevailing story of World War II goes even now, 75 years later. The attack on Pearl Harbor, an occasion of ceremonial remembrance commemorated once more last week, propelled the United States into the global contest against Japanese imperialism and European totalitarianism; within four years a once-isolationist America would achieve a superpower status from which it has yet to fall.
Yet the reality, as usual, is more complicated. The story of America’s entry into World War II three-quarters of a century ago offers us a window into the contingencies of history and the perennial risk that the nation’s isolationist tendencies — tendencies once more evident in our politics as the president-elect of the United States in 2016 revives the old slogan America First — can be durably potent even in moments of existential crisis.
In reaction to the bloodshed of World War I and to the cataclysm of the Great Depression —a global phenomenon— the United States spent the interwar years deeply skeptical of engagement overseas. Constricted by neutrality acts produced by isolationist sentiment and by the popular agitation of groups such as America First, Franklin D. Roosevelt was forced to maneuver carefully as the Nazi threat grew in Europe. For 27 months, from the invasion of Poland through the Battle of Britain, the fall of France, the U-boat war in the Atlantic and Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union, America was the most reluctant of warriors.
With the news of Pearl Harbor, Churchill, who had long —and largely unsuccessfully— wooed Roosevelt, believed he now had a full partner in the war against the Axis. "He was quite naturally in a high state of excitement", noted Anthony Eden, the foreign secretary. Churchill was eager to travel to Washington to lay plans for Allied strategy. Eden, however, "was not sure that the Americans would want him so soon".
Eden was right. When Roosevelt dictated his speech declaring war on Japan to his secretary Grace Tully, it concerned only one nation: Japan. Cabinet members, including Secretary of State Cordell Hull and Secretary of War Henry Stimson, wanted F.D.R. to move against Hitler, but the president’s political instincts told him to hold off. In a conversation with the British ambassador in Washington, Lord Halifax, Roosevelt was explicit about his concerns: "I seem to be conscious of a still lingering distinction in some quarters of the public between war with Japan and war with Germany".
Isolationist opinion about the Pacific had evaporated in the heat of Pearl Harbor; it was less certain whether Americans were willing to engage fully in Europe as well. From its national headquarters in Chicago, America First was disbanding and released a statement supporting war against Japan, but, as the historian Wayne S. Cole has written, the isolationist group’s remarks were deliberately "phrased to leave the door open for possible continued opposition to participation in the European war".
From afar, frustrated by the Eastern Front, Hitler solved Roosevelt’s problem by unilaterally declaring war on the United States on Thursday, 11 Dember.
Hitler’s motives remain mysterious. He was bound to join Japan under the Tripartite Pact only if Japan had been attacked, and treaties never meant that much to the Führer in any event. The best historical thinking is that Hitler believed he could win the war against American shipping in the Atlantic if he had a free hand, and he apparently decided that Japan’s bold stroke in the Pacific gave him the opening he needed to control the Atlantic.
And there was his grandiose vision of the destiny of National Socialism. "I understand only too well that a worldwide distance separates Roosevelt’s ideas and my ideas", Hitler said in his speech declaring war. "Roosevelt comes from a rich family and belongs to the class whose path is smoothed in the democracies. I was the only child of a small, poor family and had to fight my way by work and industry". As for Germany, "It needs charity neither from Mr. Roosevelt nor from Mr. Churchill", he said. "It wants only its rights! It will secure for itself this right to live even if thousands of Churchills and Roosevelts conspire against it".
Hitler had badly misjudged Roosevelt’s nation. "I don’t see much future for the Americans", Hitler said in January 1942. "Everything about the behavior of American society reveals that it’s half Judaized, and the other half Negrified. How can one expect a state like that to hold together?"
What Hitler saw as America’s fatal weakness —our diversity— was of course the nation’s ultimate strength. That he had to force America’s hand by making his declaration of 11 December before the United States could itself decide to make war on Nazi Germany is an uncomfortable reminder of the truth of an old observation attributed to the thankful Winston Churchill: "One can always count on the Americans to do the right thing — after we’ve exhausted every other possibility".
-- Jon Meacham is the author, among other books, of "Franklin and Winston: An Intimate Portrait of an Epic Friendship"
Is there a possibility that Hitler could have managed to take advantage of political, regional, and ethnic divisions in America in the 1940s, and defeated the U.S?
It certainly would not have been possible for Hitler to stage a successful naval invasion across the Atlantic to take the Eastern Seaboard, irrespective of whether or not America succeeded in Europe. He simply did not have a Navy that was large enough for that task.
Here are various ways in which the Germans would have defeated America, assuming that they had succeeded in their mission to conquer the Soviet Union:
1. They might have attempted to conquer Alaska, based on their ability to control Siberia and the Arctic regions of Russia. From there, they would have rolled over poorly defended Canada, from which they would have launched a massive invasion from the sparsely populated North-Western U.S.
2. Using the historic grievances that Mexico has, especially over territorial loss in the 1848 war, Hitler could have encouraged the Mexicans to stage a massive military invasion from the South [something similar to what their illegal are already doing]. Given that many South Americans had pro-axis fascist feelings during the war, Brazil and Argentina could have send their own armies as well, to support the Mexicans. And, considering that Latin America continued to trade with Germany in the war years, Germany would have been able to move massive armaments and troops to South America, to support an invasion from Mexico. As a reward, Mexico would have been rewarded with the return of California, New Mexico and Arizona. The rest of South America would have had a chance to be freed from American regional dominance that has existed since the Monroe Doctrine.
3. Hitler could have reached out to the anti-FDR right-wing, the likes of Charles Lindberg, Henry Ford, Rev. Charles Coughlin, and their many followers who were influential in the America First Movement. He could have used the resentment that Irish-Americans and German-Americans had for Anglo elites who wanted to save Britain, a nation that many in both groups disliked [Many Irishmen resented going to help Britain: The Republic of Ireland made a conscious decision to stay neutral in the war to the very end].
4. Germany could have offered the South a second chance. If the South militarily supported the defeat of the Yankees, they could get back the Confederate States of America. The CSA would have been a fully independent right-wing nation that was allied to Germany, like Franco's Spain. They would have been allowed to preserve their system of segregation, a system that Germans approved of.
5. In the 1940s, Eugenics was highly favored by both liberal and conservative elites in New England. American race scientists like H. Goddard, Carl Bingham, Madison Grant, and Lothrop Stoddard were standard readings in the school system in Nazi Germany. A shared interest in race issues would have brought the Nazis and the New England Eugenicists together.
A combination of all those forces would have overwhelmed the FDR administration.